Investigation of urinary abnormalities and risk factors for kidney disease in the World Kidney Day campaigns in Northeast Brazil / Investigação de alterações urinárias e fatores de risco para doença renal nas campanhas do Dia Mundial do Rim no Nordeste do Brasil

Objective: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing common problem in the world due to the exponential growth of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other risk factors. The aim of this study is to investigate urinary abnormalities and risk factors for kidney disease in the general population. Methods: this study was performed from data collected during the annual World Kidney Day (WKD) campaigns, in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, between 2009 and 2012. The population sought assistance spontaneously in stands placed in high people-traffic areas. Results: among 2,637 individuals interviewed, the mean age was 50.7±15.7 years and 53% were male. The main risk factors found were sedentarism (60.7%), obesity (22.7%) and smoking (19.8%). Blood pressure (BP) > 140x90 mmHg was found in 877 (33%). Increased BP was found for the first time in 527 cases (19.9%). Cardiovascular diseases were reported in 228 (8.6%). Diabetes was related by 343 (13%). Capillary blood glucose > 200 mg/dL was found in 127 (4.8%) and it was > 200 mg/dL for the first time in 30 (1.13%). Urinalysis was performed in 1,151 people and found proteinuria in 269 (23.3%). Proteinuria was most frequent in hypertension people (77.3% vs. 55.8%, p=0.0001), diabetes mellitus (22.7% vs. 15.2%, p=0.005) and elderly (42.1% vs. 30.7%, p=0.0007). Conclusion: risk factors for CKD are frequent in the general population. Many individuals had hypertension and diabetes and did not know this. It is important to regularly perform actions like WKD in order to early detect potential candidates for CKD. .

Objetivo: a doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema crescente no mundo em razão do crescimento exponencial do diabetes mellitus, da hipertensão e de outros fatores de risco. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar alterações urinárias e fatores de risco para doença renal na população geral. Métodos: este estudo foi realizado a partir de dados coletados durante as campanhas anuais do Dia Mundial do Rim, em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre 2009 e 2012. A população buscou atendimento espontaneamente nos stands montados em locais de alto tráfego de pessoas. Resultados: entre 2.637 indivíduos entrevistados, a média de idade foi de 50,7±15,7 anos, sendo 53% do gênero masculino. Os principais fatores de risco encontrados foram sedentarismo (60,7%), obesidade (22,7%) e tabagismo (19,8%). Pressão arterial (PA) > 140x90 mmHg foi encontrada em 877 casos (33%). Aumento da PA foi encontrado pela primeira vez em 527 casos (19,9%). Doenças cardiovasculares foram relatadas por 228 indivíduos (8,6%). Diabetes foi relatado por 343 indivíduos (13%). Glicemia capilar > 200 mg/dL foi encontrada em 127 casos (4,8%) e > 200 mg/dL pela primeira vez em 30 (1,13%). O exame de urina foi realizado por 1.151 pessoas, sendo encontrada proteinúria em 269 casos (23,3%). Proteinúria foi mais frequente em pessoas com hipertensão (77,3% vs. 55,8%, p = 0,0001), diabetes mellitus (22,7% vs. 15,2%, p = 0,005) e em idosos (42,1% vs. 30,7%, p = 0,0007). Conclusão: fatores de risco para DRC são frequentes na população geral. Muitos indivíduos tinham hipertensão e diabetes e não sabiam disso. É importante a realização de ações como o Dia Mundial do Rim com o objetivo de detectar precocemente potenciais candidatos à DRC. .

Factors associated with thrombocytopenia in severe leptospirosis (Weil's disease)

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate factors associated with thrombocytopenia in a large cohort of patients with leptospirosis in an endemic area. METHODS: This retrospective study included 374 consecutive patients with leptospirosis who were admitted to tertiary hospitals in Fortaleza, Brazil. All patients had a diagnosis of severe leptospirosis (Weil's disease). Acute kidney injury was defined according to the RIFLE criteria. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count <100,000/mm3. RESULTS: A total of 374 patients were included, with a mean age of 36.1±15.5 years, and 83.4% were male. Thrombocytopenia was present at the time of hospital admission in 200 cases (53.5%), and it developed during the hospital stay in 150 cases (40.3%). The patients with thrombocytopenia had higher frequencies of dehydration (53% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.001), epistaxis (5.7% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.033), hematemesis (13% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.006), myalgia (91.5% vs. 84.5%, p = 0.038), hematuria (54.8% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.011), metabolic acidosis (18% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.016) and hypoalbuminemia (17.8% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.005). The independent risk factors associated with thrombocytopenia during the hospital stay were lengthy disease (OR: 1.2, p = 0.001) and acute kidney injury (OR: 6.6, p = 0.004). Mortality was not associated with thrombocytopenia at admission (12.5% vs. 12.6%, p = 1.000) or during the hospital stay (12.6% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.748). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia is a frequent complication in leptospirosis, and this condition was present in more than half of patients at the time of hospital admission. Lengthy disease and acute kidney injury are risk factors for thrombocytopenia. There was no significant association between thrombocytopenia and mortality. .

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT / Lesão renal aguda causada pelo veneno das cobras Crotalus e Bothrops: revisão da epidemiologia, das manifestações clínicas e do tratamento

SUMMARY Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents. .

RESUMO Os acidentes ofídicos são importante problema de saúde pública devido à incidência, morbidade e mortalidade. Aumento do número de casos tem sido registrado no Brasil nos últimos anos. Vários estudos apontam para a importância do conhecimento das complicações clínicas e do tratamento adequado desses acidentes. Entretanto o conhecimento dos fatores de risco não é suficiente, e existe número crescente de óbitos devido a esses acidentes no Brasil. Neste contexto, a injúria renal aguda (IRA) aparece como uma das principais causas de óbito e sequela nestas vítimas, que são principalmente homens trabalhadores de zonas rurais. Os gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus são os principais responsáveis pelo envolvimento renal nos acidentes ofídicos na América do Sul. O presente estudo faz uma revisão da literatura sobre a IRA causada pela picada das serpentes dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus em suas diversas características, enfatizando a abordagem terapêutica mais adequada para estes casos. Estudos recentes tem sido realizados para a busca de terapias complementares para o tratamento dos acidentes ofídicos, incluindo o uso de ácido lipóico, sinvastatina e alopurinol. Algumas plantas, como a Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae e Rubiaceae parecem ter papel benéfico no tratamento destes envenenamentos. Estudos futuros irão certamente encontrar novas estratégias terapêuticas para os acidentes ofídicos. .

Epidemiologicalpprofile of snakebite accidents in a metropolitan area of northeast Brazil / Perfil epidemiologico dos acidentes por picada de cobra em regiao metropolitana do nordeste do Brasil

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of snakebite accidents reported by the toxicological assistance center in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Database information on snakebite accidents was analyzed regarding the period from January 2003 to December 2011. A total of 1063 cases were found. The accidents occurred during the rainy months (March, April and May), in urban areas (52.3%), affecting individuals younger than 50 years and predominantly among males (70.7%). The lower limbs were the most frequently affected body area (33.7%). Most accidents involved non-venomous snakes (76.1%). The genus Bothrops was the main one involved in venomous accidents (83%). It is expected that this study can be used as the substrate to improve healthcare surveillance and implementing better measures for the treatment of this population. .

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos atendidos e notificados ao Centro de Assistência Toxicológica (CEATOX), em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Foram analisadas informações sobre os acidentes ofídicos relativos ao período compreendido entre janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2011, por meio de banco de dados. Os resultados demonstraram 1063 casos notificados ao CEATOX, Ceará. Os acidentes ocorreram principalmente em meses chuvosos (março, abril e maio), em áreas urbanas (52,3%), em uma faixa etária menor de 50 anos, acometendo predominantemente o sexo masculino (70,7%). Os membros inferiores foram os locais mais afetados (33,7%). A maior parte dos acidentes envolveu serpentes não peçonhentas (76,1%). O gênero Bothrops foi o maior responsável pelos acidentes com serpentes peçonhentas (83%). Espera-se que os dados da casuística obtida sirvam de ferramenta para o planejamento de medidas de saúde voltadas para prevenção e atendimento mais adequado da população em estudo. .

Hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis

BACKGROUND: There are no reports on hyponatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) involved in the course of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). The main objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of hyponatremia and its relationship with AKI and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study on patients with HIV-related TE. AKI was considered only when the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage) criterion was met, after the patient was admitted. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included, with a mean age of 36 ± 9 years. Hyponatremia at admission was observed in 43 patients (46.7%), with AKI developing in 25 (27.1%) patients during their hospitalization. Sulfadiazine was the treatment of choice in 81% of the cases. Death occurred in 13 cases (14.1%). Low serum sodium level correlated directly with AKI and mortality. Male gender (OR 7.89, 95% CI 1.22-50.90, p = 0.03) and hyponatremia at admission (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.22-18.30, p = 0.02) were predictors for AKI. Independent risk factors for death were AKI (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.2, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (or 9.9, 95% ci 1.2-96.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: AKI and hyponatremia are frequent in TE. Hyponatremia on admission is highly associated with AKI and mortality.

Review of genitourinary tuberculosis with focus on end-stage renal disease / Revisão acerca da tuberculose genitourinária com foco na insuficiência renal crônica terminal

Tuberculosis (TB) is a current public health problem, remaining the most common worldwide cause of mortality from infectious disease. Recent studies indicate that genitourinary TB is the third most common form of extra-pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of renal TB can be hypothesized in a non-specific bacterial cystitis associated with a therapeutic failure or a urinalysis with a persistent leukocyturia in the absence of bacteriuria. We report on the case of a 33-year-old man who presented on admission end stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to renal TB and a past history of pulmonary TB with important radiologic findings. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings despite all cultures being negative. Empiric treatment with tuberculostatic drugs was started and the patient became stable. He was discharged with no symptom, but without renal function recovery. He is on maintenance hemodialysis three times a week. TB is an important cause of kidney disease and can lead to irreversible renal function loss.

A tuberculose (TB) é um problema atual de saúde pública, persistindo como a causa mais comum de óbito por doenças infecciosas. Estudos recentes indicam que a TB genitourinária é a terceira forma mais comum de doença extra-pulmonar. O diagnóstico da TB renal pode ser suspeito na presença de cistite bacteriana não-específica associada a falha terapêutica ou com exame de urina apresentando leucocitúria persistente na ausência de bacteriúria. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 33 anos, sexo masculino, que apresentou na admissão insuficiência renal crônica terminal secundária à TB renal, que tinha história prévia de TB pulmonar, com importantes achados radiológicos. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos achados clínicos apesar de todas as culturas terem sido negativas. Tratamento empírico com drogas tuberculostáticas foi iniciado e o paciente evoluiu estável. Foi de alta assintomático, mas sem recuperação da função renal. Ele encontra-se em hemodiálise três vezes por semana. A TB é uma causa importante de doença renal e pode levar à perda irreversível da função renal.

Clinical presentation of leptospirosis: a retrospective study of 201 patients in a metropolitan city of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide importance. The disease is endemic in Brazil. This study was conducted to describe the clinical and laboratory presentation of leptospirosis in a metropolitan city of Brazil. METHODS: this is a retrospective study including 201 consecutive patients with leptospirosis admitted to tertiary hospitals in Fortaleza, Brazil, between 1985 and 2006. All patients had clinical and epidemiological data suggestive of leptospirosis, and positive laboratorial test for leptospirosis (microscopic agglutination test, MAT, higher than 1:800). RESULTS: a total of 201 patients were included, with mean age of 38.9 ± 15.7 years; 79.1 percent were male. The mean length from onset of symptoms to admission was 7 ± 3 days. The main clinical signs and symptoms at admission were fever (96.5 percent), jaundice (94.5 percent), myalgia (92.5 percent), headache (74.6 percent), vomiting (71.6 percent) and dehydration (63.5 percent). Hemorrhagic manifestations were present in 35.8 percent. Acute kidney injury was found in 87 percent of the patients. Platelet count was less than 100,000/mm³ in 74.3 percent. Hematuria was found in 42.9 percent. Death occurred in 31 cases (15.4 percent). CONCLUSIONS: leptospirosis is a globally relevant disease with potential fatal outcome. Signs and symptoms suggestive of leptospirosis must be known by any physician in order to institute early adequate treatment to improve outcome. Early indication and daily hemodialysis seems to be beneficial in this group of patients.

Clinical presentation and renal evaluation of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): a retrospective study of 57 patients in Brazil

Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by various species of Leishmania. We made a retrospective study of 57 consecutive patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Patients with visceral leishmaniasis were identified using the registries of the São José Infectious Diseases Hospital. The sample was divided into two groups: patients with serum creatinine (Scr) <1.3mg/dL and Scr > 1.3mg/dL. We compared these two groups for differences in clinical manifestations and laboratory features. Patients' mean age was 28 ± 18 years old; 74 percent were male. The main clinical symptoms and signs presented in the initial evaluation were: fever (97 percent), splenomegaly (96.4 percent), weight loss (95.5 percent), pallor (93.6 percent), cough (89.7 percent), hepatomegaly (87.2 percent), asthenia (83.3 percent), anorexia (82.9 percent) and vomiting (73.9 percent). Acute renal failure was found in 15 patients (26.3 percent) and eight of these patients had ARF before amphotericin B administration. The mean age was higher in the group with Scr > 1.3mg/dL. Death occurred in three cases; all deaths occurred with Scr > 1.3mg/dL. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the clinical symptoms and signs between the two groups. The laboratory data and demographic characteristics were significantly worse in the Scr > 1.3mg/dL group. Renal dysfunction is an important feature of this disease; it is associated with important morbidity and can increase mortality.

Pionefrose em paciente comcálculo ureteral infectado sem comprometimento do estado geral / Pyonephrosis in a patient with infected ureteral calculus without general state deterioration

Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 34 anos que apresentou há 2 anos episódios de cólica renal, sendo diagnosticada litíase renal. Há 1 mês houveintensificação dos episódios de dor lombar à esquerda com irradiação para genitália, disúria, polaciúria, urgência urinária, febre alta e calafrios. IniciouCiprofloxacina sem melhora significativa dos sintomas, tendo sido internada para investigação diagnóstica e tratamento. Ao exame físico encontrava-sehipocorada, taquicárdica e febril. Abdômen doloroso à palpação e presença de massa palpável em hipocôndrio esquerdo. Os exames da admissãomostraram Hemoglobina 6,5g/dL, Leucócitos 17.100/mm3, Plaquetas 656.000/mm3, Creatinina 1,0mg/dL. A ultrassonografia abdominal evidenciounefrolitíase e hidronefrose à esquerda. Foi realizada nefrectomia do rim esquerdo. Na cirurgia o rim esquerdo estava aumentado e com consistênciacística, sem áreas de parênquima normal, com ureter dilatado e grande quantidade de secreção purulenta espessa e esverdeada. No examemicroscópico foram vistos glomérulos retraídos, atrofia tubular, intenso infiltrado inflamatório misto no interstício e áreas abscedadas atingindo inclusivea pelve renal. A paciente apresentou evolução favorável, recebendo alta com função renal normal e sem complicações no seguimento.

We report the case of a 34 years-old woman who had episodes of renal colic and a diagnosis of renal calculi. One month before admission she notedexacerbation of left-side lumbar pain, which irradiated to genital region, dysuria, polacyuria, urinary urgency and high degree fever, with chills. Treatmentwas started with Ciprofloxacin, but she had no clinical improvement and was admitted to investigation. At physical examination she was pale, tachycardicand febrile. Her abdomen was tender, with a palpable mass on left hypochondrium. The laboratorial tests showed hemoglobin 6.5g/dL, white blood cells17100/mm3, platelets 656,000/mm3, and creatinine 1.0mg/dL. The abdominal ultrasound showed left-side nephrolitiasis and hydronephrosis. It wasperformed left nephrectomy. The surgical description was: left kidney with increased size, with cystic consistence, without areas of normal parenchyma, withdilated ureter and large amount of thick and greenish secretion. At microscopic examination, protracted glomeruli, tubular atrophy and intense interstitialinflammatory infiltrate were observed, with areas of abscesses reaching renal pelvis. The patient had a favorable course and was dismissed with a normalrenal function. She did not present any complication during the follow-up.

Doença renal terminal associada à obstrução crônica do trato urinário por cálculo vesical gigante / End stage renal disease following long-term urinary tract obstruction dDue to giant bladder stone

Cálculos vesicais compreendem 5 de todos os cálculos do trato urinário e estão freqüentemente associados à presença de corpos estranhos, obstrução e infecção. Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 23 anos, que deu entrada na Emergência do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza com quadro de disúria, peritonite e sinais de uremia. A radiografia abdominal mostrava uma imagem hiperdensa na topografia vesical. A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrava hidronefrose bilateral. Os exames laboratoriais evidenciaram creatinina sérica 7,6 mg/dL, potássio 7,1 mEq/L, pH 7,29, pCO2 15,7 mmHg e HCO37,5 mEq/L. Hemodiálise diária foi instituída devido à severa uremia. Laparotomia foi realizada, sendo os principais achados cirúrgicos coleção purulenta nacavidade pélvica, perfuração na parede lateral da bexiga e divertículo vesical. Um cálculo vesical gigante, com o maior diâmetro de 7 cm, foi identificado e retirado da bexiga. O paciente evoluiu estável, necessitando de hemodiálise três vezes por semana. Este caso ilustra a ocorrência de uma importante complicação de um cálculo vesical gigante, que causou a obstrução crônica do trato urinário, levando ao desenvolvimento de insuficiência renal crônica. A pronta instituição do tratamento dialítico no primeiro dia de internamento e a cirurgia de urgência foram cruciais para a recuperação do paciente que passou a necessitar de hemodiálise regular.

Leptospirosis severity may be associated with the intensity of humoral immune response

Leptospirosis severity may be increasing, with pulmonary involvement becoming more frequent. Does this increase result from an intense immune response to leptospire? Notice that renal failure, thrombocytopenia and pulmonary complications are found during the immune phase. Thirty-five hospitalized patients with Weil's disease had 5 blood samples drawn, from the 15th day to the 12th month of symptoms, for ELISA-IgM, -IgG and -IgA specific antibody detection. According their 1st IgG titer, the patients were divided into: group 1 (n = 13) titer > 1:400 (positive) and group 2 (n = 22) titer <=1:400 (negative). Early IgG antibodies in group 1 showed high avidity which may indicate reinfection. Group 1 was older, had worse pulmonary and renal function, and fever for a longer period than group 2. Throughout the study, IgG and IgA titers remained higher in group 1. In conclusion, the severity of Weil's disease may be associated with the intensity of the humoral immune response to leptospire

Prevalência de anticorpos anti-HIV em pacientes dialisados / Prevalence of anti-HIV antibody in dialysis patients

Pacientes dialisados correm alto risco de adquirirem infecçöes virais e as transfusöes de sangue säo comumente consideradas a fonte transmissora. No Brasil, estas säo as responsáveis pela infecçäo de 15% dos pacientes que desenvolvem a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Assim, avaliamos o risco de nossos pacientes dialisados serem infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida pelo Western blot. O único provável fator de risco causador da contaminaçäo foram as transfusöes de sangue. Näo encontramos correlaçäo estatística entre infecçäo por HIV e HBV. Somente um paciente tinha leucopenia e relaçäo OKT/T8 baixa, e ela faleceu 90 dias após sorología positiva com SIDA (encefalopatia e sepsis). Dois pacientes faleceram após 4 e 16 meses de problemas cardiocirculatórios (näo relacionadas a SIDA). Três pacientes permaneceram assintomáticos em hemodiálise crônica 20, 36 e 37 meses após diagnóstico da infecçäo pelo HIV. Concluímos que a incidência desta infecçäo viral foi elevada e transfusöes sanguíneas colocam, no Brasil, pacientes dialisados em risco para infecçäo pelo HIV. Evoluçäo destes pacientes portadores de HIV e assintomáticos tem mostrado ser boa e a hemodiálise mostra ser um tratamento eficaz e importante da uremia nestes, a curto e médio prazo